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1,630.83 M" 314927 H. H. FISHER :TAL 9 IFitnesss or mmm wATnRcoURsns Aun unna@ mnnnvon i Filled July 1v. 1922 s sheets-sheet 1 1,630,839 H. H. FISHER E1' m.,

May 31. 1927..

' rnoczss oF mums wATERcouasEs AND mum@ THEREFOR nl eduuly 1'7. 1922 a sheets-sheet 2 8 Sheets-Sheet 3 Inventors M- 31 H. H. FISHER ET AL.

PROCESS 0F LINING' WTERCOURSES AND LINING THEREFOR Fired 1u11v 1v,

MW 31 1927 H. H. FISHER E1' L PROCESS 0F LINIG WATERCOURSES AND LINING THEREFGR Filed July 1.7,l 1922 'V8 Sheets-Sheet 4 3,6305? 1 May 3l. 1927. H. H FISHER ET Ah PROCESS 0F LININGWATERCOURSESANU LING TIEREFOR Filed July 1'7, 1922 a sheets-sheet 5 May 31. 1927. www@ H. H. FISHER E? AL y PROCESS OF LINING WATERCOURSES AND LIING THEREEOR Filed July 17, 1922 a sheets-sheet 6 E, 3 Q M" 31 1927 Hm. FISHER @WL 6 @w PROCESS OF' LININGWATERCOURSS AND LINING THEREFOR Filed July 117.y 1522 8 Sheets-Sheet 7 ab v . @,630 83, l M 31 192?" .H. H. FISHER 1 m,

PROCESS OF LINING WATERCOURSES AND LINING THEREFOR Filed July 1'?, 1922 a sheets-sheet a COUISQS.

rai-@aaa any ai. isa?.

stares rarest HARRY H. FISHER AND WALTER B. RITTENI-IOUSE, OF CHICAGO, ILLINOIS, ASSIGNORS TO BYLLESBY ENGINEERNG .AND TvIANAGEMENT CORPORATION, OF WILMINGTON, DELAWARE, A CORPORATON OF DELAWARE.

PROCESS OF LINNG WATERCOURSES AND LNING THEREFOR.

Application led July 17, 1922. Serial No. 575,467.

This invention relates to a process of and apparatus lor lining water-courses.

As is generally well known, where water is conducted trom a source ot supply to a point ot use Vor distribution in unlined watercourses formed in earth, there is a large percentage of loss due to seepage, varying with the character and porosity of the earth in which the water-course is formed, the length oi said water-course and the rate of llow. 1n many cases this loss is so great, that where the supply oi' water is limited-as in many arid parts of the lVest where agriculture is almost entirely dependent on irrigation- State authorities having charge ot such matters have required that ditches for irrigation and other purposes should be lined with material imperm-eable to water, concrete, gunite, or other cement mixtures being principally used ior this purpose. To line water-courses during` initial construction is, oi course, a comparatively simple matter, involving in most cases, merely the Aitem ot additional expense, and presents no construction problems ot a serious nature excepting, possibly, the transportation of the material to be used in lining said water- Nor, speaking generally, would any serious problem be presented in cases where it is possible to divert or shut olil the supply oli water to the water-course and permit the same to run dry. v

ln many cases, however, it is entirely impractical to permit a water-course to run dry, thus shutting oil water to the district or area` served thereby and, under such circumstances it becomes necessary either to divert or by-pass the water from successive sections ot a water-course while it it being lined7 which, from the topography of the country through which the water-course runs, may be impractical or even impossible and, in any event will involve large eX- pense; or, as an alternative to line the watercourse while it contains water, diverting or sliunting off the water from comparatively short sections ot the water-course for short periods of time only, or possibly not at all.

.fi-iter careful study of the problems presented and after careful experiment and actual demonstration weha've concluded that the solution of the proposition which isniost feasible, consists in lining water-courses already constructed and in use, while they contain water.

Our invention, therefore, has particular reference to a process of and apparatus for lining Watercourses while they f contain water, and the object of the invention is to provide an improved process oli and apparatus i'or this purpose.

To effect the object of the invention, our improved process of lining water-courses comprises the various steps and the apparatus which we have devised for carrying out said process, comprises the various features, combinations ot' 'features and details of construction hereinafter described and claimed.

In the accompanying` drawings, in which our invention is fully illustrated,

Figures 1- to 4 are diagran'nnatic views illustrating different steps in the process of lining Water-courses in accordance with our invention.

Figure 5 is a cross-sectional view of a water-course which has been lined in accordance with our improved process.

Figure 6 is a plan view of a section oiE a water-course in process of being lined.

Figure 7 is a detached end vievv of a lining sectionA adapted for lining water-courses in accordance with our invention.

Figures .8, 9 and 10 are enlarged fragmentary views illustrating certain details ot construction.

Figure 11 is an end vievv of a mold form adapted for making lining section to be used in lining water-courses in accordance with our improved process.

Figures 1Q, and 13 are plan views thereof taken from the top and bottom sides, re-

spectively, of Fig. 11, Figure 12 being on an,

enlarged scale.

Figure 14: is a sectional elevation on the line 11i-11iof Fig. 13.

Figure l5 is an enlarged view of a portion of the end of the mold.

Figure 16 is a sectional plan view taken substantially on the line 16-16 of Fig. 15.

Figure 1T is a sectional view on the line 1?' 17 of Fig. 16.

Figure 18 is an enlarged fragmentary sectional view on the line 18-18 of Fig. 17.

Figure 19 is a sectional view on the line 19-19 of Fig. 18.

Figure 20 is an enlarged fragmentary sectional view on the line 20-20 of Fig. 14.

Figure 21 is a view from the right hand side of Fig. 20. f

Figure 22 is an enlarged fragmentary plan View from the position 22e-22 of Fig. 11.

Figure 23 is a sectional view on the line 23-23 of Fig. 22; and

Figure 24 is a detail sectional view on the lille 24-24 of Fig. 12.

V In accordance with our improved process of lining water-courses, we first construct the lining in the form of separate troughsha ed sections, said lining sections being pre erably made of a suitable cement mixture, y'which 'may be 'reinforced by rods, wires, `or other metallic reinforcing meinbers embedded therein, in a. familiar manner, said lining sections being constructed on suitable mold forms which also provide means for lifting, handling, and protecting said lining sectidns, which are detachably secured thereto, preferably in the course of construction. t

A linin section, designated as a whole A, adapte for the practice of our improved process is shown in Figs. 7 to 10 of the drawings, said lining section being reinforcedv and strengthened by wires l and 2 embedded therein, which extend lengthwise and transversely thereof, respectively.

The lining sections A are trough-shaped in cross section, the sides thereof preferably flaring. u wardly and outwardly, and are made su ciently thick to insure requisite strength, a desirable thickness for usual purpplses bein approximately two (2) inches.

ile, as s own, the bottoms of the trough- Shape sections are curved, the shape thereof is immaterial and may be modified as desired.

For reasons presently explained, the lining sections A are provided at their lateral edges with enlargements or copings (i which, in addition to the transverse reinforcing members 2 are reinforced by relatively large rods 3 which extend lengthwise and project at both ends of said coping sections a, the relation being such that the rods 3 of adja cent'lining sections will overlap.

In practice, we contemplate the use of reinforcing rods 3 approximately three'eiglitli; (/Sths) of an inch in diameter, the projecting overlapping ends of the rods of adjacent lining sections being clam ed or otherwise ri idly secured together. (giving to the size o said rods, they will be quite stiff and to provide for springing them into contact, in case they happen to be out of alignment, recessed shou ders 4, Fig. 10, are preferably formed at the ends of the copings a of the lining sections A, forming relatively long spaces into which the projecting ends of said4 tration, we have, in the drawings, shown a process of and apparatus for lining watercourses with concrete.

The practice of our improved process involves the use of apparatus for fabricating the lining sections A, and in the drawings we have shown a mold-form suitable for this purpose. f

VVe do not, however, desire to limit ourselves to a yprocess of lining water-courses with concrete, as, in view of our disclosure, the adaptation of our improved process for lining water-courses with other cement mixture, particularly gunite, will be obvious to persons skilled in different types of concrete construction.

Neither, in thepractice of our im roved process, do we desire to limit ourse ves t0 the use of any particular form of apparatus, the moldform shown being merely illustrative and admitting of a wide range of variation within the scope of our invention.

For use in the practice of our improved process it is essential, however, that the niold-forins shall be provided with passageways through which` the water contained in the water-course may flow.

Referring now to the drawings, the moldform, designated as a whole B, will now be described with particular reference to casting said lining sections from concrete Said mold-form B comprises a suitable frame consisting of angle bars 5 bent to conform to the shape, in cross section, of the inner surface of the lining sections A, the ends of said angle bars being rigidly connected to channel bars 6 which extend lengthwise of said mold-formand which, in turn, are connected to transverse channel bars 7 comprising channel bars at the endsy of said mold-forms the webs of which are rigidly connected to each other, and any desired number, as shown two., intermediate channel bars. Also, to impart desired strength and rigidity to said mold-form, the angle bars 5, the longitudinal channel bars 6 and the transverse channel bars 7, are all rigidly connected by gusset plates 8 riveted thereto in a usual manner. The channel bars 7 are rigidly connected to each other by longitudinal angle bars 9.

Secured to the outer sides of the angle bars 3 is a skin-plate 10 of suitable material,

preferably sheet metal. Said skin-plate forms the inner wall of the mold cavity, and in usual practice will be about three-size teenths (ths) of an inch thick.

As herein shown and described, the frame work of the mold-forni B within the skinplate 10, is of skeletonconstruction which will provide a passageway through which `adjustment oit' said channel bars.

Water contained in the Water-course may flow, When said mold-forni is deposited in contemplate position therein in the practice of our improved process7 in the manner described.

The ends oi the inold are forme-d in part by the inner i'langes el channel bars il secured to the outer surface oi'E the skin-plate l at or adjucent lio its opposite ends and in part by bars l2 supported outside or' the inner 'dangers oi seid channel bars l1, in the manner presently described.

ln straight work, the ends of the lining,` sections fr will be substantially parallel with each other, While on curves the ends oiE said lining sect-ions will preferably extend ,on lines kdisposed at angl lo each other defined by radii oi the curves described by the Water-course end to provide 'for construct-V ing seid lining); sections with their ends par- :illel or extending` at desired to each other, the channel bars ll ure preferably secured to the skin-plete l() so ro be angularly adjustable thereon. As shown, Seid channel bars ll are delacbzdily connected 'lio thesliin-plate l0 by ineens oi bolts i3, which extend through elongated holes lil sind slots orn'ied, respectively, in the Webs oi the channel bars l and in opposite ends ci? the skin-plete ll), the holes being` inade suiliciently long to provide for desired eiieulei.' ln the preferable construction shown, io, skin-plate l() is reii'iforced by plates 1C spot- Welded or otherwise rigidly secured thereto at the points where the slots l5 are torined, said slots extending' through both the sliinplate l0 and seid reinl'orcing;` plates At the lateral edges ot the iiiold'orni, the inold cavity is closed in part by bars 17, which extend lengthwise or seid inold- Y adjacent to forni, a flange of eech of `which is spot- Welded or otherwise secured to ,the Webs of the channel bers 6. Slots i8 adapted to receive the transverse reinforcing; Wires 2 are formed `in the edges of the flanges oit the angle bers 17 which project outwardly roin the Webs oiQ the cliennel bers 5.

The sections oi the niold cevity for the copings are orined by sheet instal sections 19 detaehably secured to the outwardly projecting flanges of the angle bars i7, said sheet metal sections being preiiesoly secured to theinner faces of said 'flanges above or outside of the transverse reinforcingl Wires 2. Said sheet inetal sections preferably comprise portions g20, shaped to orin longitudinal grooves or channels 2l in the edges of the copings a, the Aouter side of which preferably extends substantially parallel With the surece oi.2 the skin-plete lll, lateral edges. rllhe purpose of said channels E21 will be presently e3;- pleined.

The ends of the portions of 'he inold csvity deiined by the sheet inetal inold sections 19 are closed by blocks 22, shaped to contorni to the desired she-pe in cross section of the copings a. Said end 'blocks insy be secured in position by ineens et screws inserted through holes in the sheet instal inold sections l5) into said end blocks.

To provide iior conveniently handlingr the inold-lforn'isl ineens are pi"o.fideiil for inaliingl cli-.iin or cable connections J:herein whereby said inold-'fornis inay be li'lied and handled by ineans of derricl-is, oi' the like. Thus, to provide Ylor making chain or. cable connections to a niold-iorin when slandingr on end, ill-bells are secured to the centers of the leteral ef oi seid incid-torni. shown, the ends of said lil-bolts pass liiroi holes :tornied in the inner 'llaiiggges or' bie channel barsG and in pluies 25 `secured to the outer ilanges of said channel bers, said lil-bolts being secured in position by nuls thi-ceded to the ends thereof which bear against the inner il# ot seid cliunuel i l oai i in, to provide il'or making dei'iick connections to said incid-forni when resting` eiiliei' upon ils convex or concave sides, said ii'iold-lforni is provided with connecting; ineens-as followsz-lecnred to the outer ends oi the n'iold-lorni are spaced plates 26 and 2i' oinied in` which are holes 28, 281, and 29, 29l7 which iforiii bearings ter pins 3() provided with eyes in their outer end--y :idiipiY- ed tor en 'agement by hooks secured to the ends of iirting chains 32 .Lneiiferably secured to a spreader beij 351i. As shown, said bearingI pistes are secured directly to angle bars 313 and lo opposite ends of which are connected t longitudinal angle bars :ind ,'33, of which the angle bars are Secured to the transverse channel lar i' forming par; oli the inold-'orni and extend iironi end to end there-oi', the ongles 38, to which tlieends of said ongle bars 35 and 3G remote ilroin seid end channel bers 7 are secured, are bent diagonally to bring their inner. ends into contact with the intermediate channel bers to which they are riveted or otherwise rigidly secured, thus orininea Vrigid braces for said angle bars o5 and 8G.

is shown, also, the outer bearing plates 35, iv iich Will sustain the Lgreater part oit' the load. extend between and are riveted or otherwise rigidly secured to the Webs ot the double end channel bers 7.

ln constructing the lining sections A, the reinforcing Wires l and 2 are iirst secured to die inold-ifcrni in spaced relation to the shin-plate l0, preferably by ineens of rigid, but detachable connections, 1whereby, until disengaged therefrom, seid Wires will hold the "ning sections il in position on said incid-forni, which Will l thus `torni ineans for biting and handling` Obviously,

Y seid lining sections. thereiore, to reinove a lining section A from a mold-form B, it will first be necessary to detach said reinforcing wires. j

As shown, the means for thus securing said reinforcing wires to the moldform are as follows z-Mounted to turn in holes or bearings in the flanges of the channel bars 11 are screws 39 threaded to which are blocks 40, the outer sides` oft which are curved and formed on which adjacent to their upper ends are lips 41.

The reinforcing wires 1 are formed by strands of a single wire which is looped back and forth around the blocks 40, below the lips 41 thereon, which will thus prevent said loops from slipping off from said blocks. In applying the reinforcing wires 1 to said mold-form, the screws 39 are first turned to advance the blocksv 4l) towards the inner flanges. of the channel bars 11. An end of the Wire 1 is then anchored to a. fixed support at the end of one edge of the mold form and is laced back and forth around the blocks 40, the relation being preferably such that the strands of said wire 1 will extend substantially parallel with each other. When the wire 1 has been looped around all of said blocks 40 the opposite end thereof is likewise anchored to a suitable support on said mold-form. The screws 3S) are then turned to retract the blocks 40 which will operate, in an obvious manner, to draw the strands of said wire taut.

With the described construction, it is obvious that the loops of the longitudinal rcinforcing wires 1 will project beyond the ends of the lining section A, which are defined by the adjacent surfaces of the inner fianges of the channel bars 11 and of the bars 12 associated therewith. The purpose of this feature of construction will be explained later.

The longitudinal reinforcing Wires 1 having been secured in position, the transverse wires 2 are next applied. Said transverse reinforcincr wires 2 are preferably made of such length that they will project a considerable distance beyond both lateral edges of the iinished lining sections and the means shown for securing said transverse reinforcing wires in position consists of studs 42 secured in angles 43 riveted or otherwise rigidly secured to the outer sides of the outer flanges of the marginal channel bars 6, formed in which are slots 44 through which the. ends of' the transverse reinforcing wires 2 pass. Said transverse reinforcing wires are adapted to be secured to the studs 42 b v clamping screws 45 having screw threaded engagement with holes formed in the heads of the studs 42. .For convenience in forming the holes for said clamping screws, beveled surfaces 46 are formed on the heads of said studs substantially at right angles to said screw holes.

The studs 42 are arranged at intervals corresponding to desired Spacing of the transverse reinforcing wires 2 and the dimension of said studs from the bott-oms of the slots 44 to points in line with the surface of the skinp1ate 10, is such that said transverse reinforcing wires 2 will extend closely adjacent to the longitudinal reinforcingv wires 1.

Where the surface of the skin-plate 10 is curved, the transverse reinforcing wires 2 are supported in spaced relation to `said skin plate by removable spacing bars 47 which extend substantially at right angles to said transverse reinforcing wires 2 and are supported in edgewise position on said skin-plate by blocks 48 provided with slots 49 adapted to receive said spacing bars 47, said slots beingy of such de th that the ends of said blcclis in which sai slots are formed, will Vrest in Contact with the surface of the skin-plate 10.

In applying the transverse reinforcing wires 2 to the mold-form, an end of each of said wires is secured to the studs 42 at one side of the mold-formy and are then passed over the mold-form, restin upon the spacing bars 47. Said wires are t en drawn taut and their free ends secured to the tuds 42 at the opposite side of said moldorm.

For convenience, the inner flanges of the channel bars 11 are of such height that the longitudinal reinforcing wires 1 will just clear the top edges thereof.

ln setting up the mold, the bars 12 are not placed in position until after the reinforcing wires .have been applied to the mold form and, are adapted tovbe held in position by any suitable means. Where, as assumed, the lining sections A are cast from concrete the outer side of the mold cavity is adapted to be closed by lagging 50, the ends of which rest upon the outer sides of the bars 12 and the end blocks 22. The lagging 50 preferably consists of angle bars of suitable size removably secured to the bars by suitable means, simple means for this purpose consisting of lag screws for secur- .ing the lagging to the end biol-:s 22 and clamps, such as are in common use by cabinet makers, carpenters, etc., for securing said lagging to the bars 12. A desirable size of angle bars for forming the lagging tl'is 4 x 4 X 1,51. However, the size thereof is not material and may be varied within a` considerable range.

Instead of angle bars, our invention contemplates the use of wood lagging, which may consist of 4 X 4 lumber segui-ed in position in substantially the same manner as said angle bars.

In casting the lining sections A from concrete by means of the' mold-form B, Said mold-form is mounted in accessible position on a suitable support or foundation With its convex side upper-most, as shoivn in F ig. l. rlhe reinforcing Wires l and 2 are then secured thereto, in the manner heretofore described, and tle liars 3 for reinforcing the coping u, ooi..- in pos' ion, Which may be conveniently c e by inserting` the ends thereof through oies formed in the blocks Q2 which close ends of the sheet metal mold sections i9, and the concrete for forming the body portion of the lining section A, applied.

The actual casting orrnolding` operation proceeds progressively from both lateral edges towards the center of the mold-form, the lagging being applied to close,- in succession, relatively narrow portions of the niold cavity which are filled with concrete as formed. rt the extreme top or center of the mold-forni it will be necessary 'to leave a space between the lagging applied to opposite sides of the mold-forni through which concrete niay be deposited into the mold cavity for forming this portion of the lining section A. Y

its the 'hars for spacing the transverse reinforcing wii'es 2 from the skin-plate l0 reached, the casting of the lining` section progresses, they are removed in succession.

in order to render the inner surfaces of the lining sections smooth, thus reducing` water friction, and also to close openings in the Walls of the inold cavity, as the slots l5A and i8 in the skin-plate l0 and in the angle bars 17, respectively, said shin-plate and angle bars are covered with a layer of thin, flexible material, not shown1 before the lining sections arev cast. In practice,

vWe have used tarred pane-r for this purpose with very satisfactory results.

n lining Water-courses in accore ance with our improved p'ocess1r we preferably employ a. considerable nuniber of nioldforins, in usual practice, about 25.V Said inoidefornis are ret up-on a banlt of the sorter-course and lining-V sections cast or molded thereon` .in the manner heretofore described. Then l' 'ng sections have been on said molt rnis and have set or lened, the ing 50,' the sheet metal inc d se ,tions 19 e einoved, the screu's 39 turned to advance the bloclts 470 towards the inner s of the channel bars ill, and the looped ends of the reinforcing wires l disengaged from said blocks, and the bolts lll disengaged from the skin-plate l() of the mold-form, thus detaching niold forni, said channel bars being then removed, thus leaving' the lining sections A secured to 'the mold-forms ll only by the tran, verse reinforcing iv'resQ.

Said moldff'orins., ufitl the lining sections secured thereto are then iirnef. over so and the endbloclrs 22, are

the channel bars l1 from theV t0 bring the lining' sections underneath, and said inolddiornis with the lining sections secured thereto are then successively deposited in the Water-course end to end and in such proximate relation that the projecting looped ends of the reinforcing wires l of adjacent lining sections will overlap each other. ilo permit said lining sections to he deposited in the relation specified, it will be necessary to detach and renoove the moldforni carrying one lining sect-ion before a succeeding lining section-is deposited.

ln practice, said inold-fornis with the lining sections secured thereto are deposited in the Waterscourse one at a time, the first lining section being trued up, braced and back-filled, and the mold-form detached and removed therefrom before the next lining section is deposited, trued up, set and backiilled, and so on until all of said lining sections have been thus deposited.

YWith mold-forms constructed as described, it is ohvious that thelongitudinal edges of the mold-forms will project at both ends of the lining sections A and that when depositing` a succeeding lining section into the Water-course, in desired proximity to a preceding lining` section, the longitudinal edge of the slineplate lO of the mold-forni carrying said succeeding lining section Will overlap the adjacent edge of the last lining section deposited into said water-course, thus providing very simple means for quickly and accurately aligning up succeeding lining sections with those previously deposited.

ln practice, said lmold-forms and lining sections are adapted to be raised by means of a suitable derrick, indicated at C. 2 to t, in the following manner :'-The pins 30 are engaged with the holes 28, 28], formed in the plates 25 and 27, the axis of which passes through the approximate center of gravity of the mold-form when a lining section is secured thereto. The hooks on the hoisting chains or cables 32 are then engaged with the eyes 31 on said pins and said mold-form, carrying the lining' section, raised above its support a sufficient distance to permit said mold-forni and lining section to be turned upside-down into the position shown in Fig. 3, with the lining sectiounderneath. The boom of the derrick C i then swung to bring thelining section ii proper position above the water-course anl said mold-forni and lining section lowered into the sanie With the longitudinal ledge of the skin-plate overlapping the edge of the preceding lining section and the lining section secured to said mold-form in proper position relative to said preceding lining section. Said lining' section is then trued up and back-filled to secure it permanently in position. The clamping screws 45, Which anchor the transverse reinforcing wires 2 to the sinds are thor loosened to disci' said transverse reinforcing wires from said studs, thus disengaging the lining sections A from the mold-form B, the pins 30 transferred to the holes 29, 291, the axis of which passes substantially through the center of gravity of said mold'lorm when it carries no lining section, and said mold-form raised out voit' the water-course, leaving the lining section in position therein.

Having set any desired number of lining sections in the waterfcourse, the water is diverted or removed from the section of the water-course containing said lining sections, and the spaces between the ends of adjacent lining sections filled with rout or other suitable self-hardening material, in such manner that the overlapping looped ends of' the lonitudinal reinforcingr wiresv will become embedded therein, therebvclosing the openings between adjacent lining sections and `also rigidly connecting all of said sections to form a substantially continuous, unitary lining for the water courses.

In addition to the convenience and expedition with which lining sections A may be handled and set by means of the carriers consisting of the mold-form B, a further particular advantage arising from handling said lining sections in this manner, is that said mold-forms will protect the lining sections so that they may be safely handled after they have set from eight to ten hours, whereas, if handled without the mold-forms or equivalent carriers, it would be necessary to permit said lining sections to set for approximately a week before they could be handled without great danger of breaking. Based on` tests and practical demonstrations Which we have made, the lining sections A handled in the manner described can be installed at the rate of approximately one an hour so that, with an equipment of approximatelyv 25 mold-forms the work of constructing and setting the lining sections A can proceed progressively, one crew constructing the lining sections and another crew installing them. As the lining sections are installed and` the mold-forms detached and removed, said Inoldforms are transported to the lower end of the series of mold-forms on thebank of the water-course and Verected in suitable position for the casting of another liningr section, the work of` transportation being performed by a third crew. lhere the depth of the water will permit, boats may be used for thus transporting said moldsections, the transportation and erection of each mold section occupying approximately the same length of time reouired for installing a lining section. Y Where the normal depth in a water-course is not suilicient to permit the use of boats, a sufficient depth can usually be provided by means of a temporary dam which will rase the water level above said dam to provide a desired depth. L

Also, if there are roads which will permit the use of trucks, transportation ofy said mold-forms to the lower end of the series i may be effected by this means.

On the other hand, if the lining sections were handled independent-ly of the moldforms or other carriers, the number of moldtorms necessary for setting the lining sec tions 'as a continuous process would lie several times that rety uired when said lining sections are handled 1by means of the mold-form or other carriers, to thus handle said lining sections as a continuous operation without the use of the n1old-forms probably requiring the use ol approximately Uitl moldforms. As mold-forms suitable for the purpose will cost from five hundred (500) to onethousand (1,000) dollars each, depending on the sizes of the watelcourses to be lined, and as in the practice of our improved process, we contemplate operating on Htl several sections of the water-course simuln tancously, the cost of constructing and handling said lining sections separately would be prohibitive.

As previously stated, instead of casting the lining sections A from concrete, ourinvention contemplates equally making Said lining sections of other cement mixtures applied in accordance with usual practice.

Amongothers, we contemplate making said lining sections of a cement mixture known commercially as gunite and applying the same by what is known as the gunite process, which consists in projecting a jet of gunite mixture upon the surface of the mold-form by air pressure applied thereto.

In making the lining sections A of gunitc, the n'1old-forms are made ready in the same manner as when said. lining sections are to be 'ast from concrete. excepting that the lagging 50 is not employed, and said mold# initial layer of gunite in position on the end, the derrick connections for raising saidV mold-forms with thevlining sections secured thereto, and for depositing them into the sorter-course, will be made to the U-bolts 24:, said mold-forms being temporarily held from turning into horizontal position by suitable stay connections to their upper ends at the opposite sides of their centers of gravity from said iJ-bolts. Desirable stay connections for this purpose may consist of a usual bloclr and tackle, not shown, Which Will also provide means for permitting` said mold-form to turn slowly into horizontal postion, when desired, Without jarring or jolting, which might tend to injure the lining section secured thereto, if not thoroughly set. Y

Stated oenerally, the manner of makingr the linin sections A and the spceilic construction ofthe mold-forms ll are both immaterial., our invention contemplating' any desired or approved manner of producing said lining;- sections 'as casting, ,eunitingi` plastering and the use of molo-forms of any construction suitable for tliepurpose.

Neither do we desire to limit ourselves to the particu lar forni of joint shown for coiinecting adjacent lining sections, as our invention contemplates the use of any desired or approved joint for this purpose.

ll either do We desire to limit ourselves to the particular,reinforcement shown, as our invention contemplates the use of any desired form of reinforcement Which conditions may call for-as standard or special reinforcing` bars, mesh or fabric. In certain cases also` particularly in the lining sections for small ditches-reinforcing may be entirely dispensed with.

ils previously stated, the transverse reinforcing;` Wires 2 are made of such length that the ends thereof will project a considerable distance beyond the lateral. edges of the liningv sections. The object of this construction is to provide for extending the sides of the water-course, in case it is desired to incre'eeA its capacity.

llntil such time as it is desired to thus eX- tend the sides of the'linincr of the watercour. the projecting ends of said reinforcing; wires?? are bent down inlo the grooves or channels 2l in the copings o of the lining, which are then preferably filled n h suitable material which may be easily removed sn vll cost. A desirable material for this pose is a lean cement niinture.

Then it is desired to extend the sides of the lining of the Water-course, see particularly Fig. 9, the material in the grooves 2l is removed, the endsof the reinforcing' wires 2 extended and concrete extensions A1 cast directly uponthe copings a of the original lining, by means of molds constructed in place, in a usual manner. VSaidextensions A1 are reinforced by Wires 11 and 21 correspending,` to the longitudinal and transvers/ reinforcing Wires of the lining` sections A,

" the inner Yends of the reinforcing wires 2 overlappingy the projecting ends of the reinforcing,` Wires 2.

Our invention also contemplates forniingl copings al at the edges of the lining extensions 1, to provide for further extending the sides of the lining of the Water-course, if desired. The copings il will be reinforced by relatively large bars 31 in the same manner as the copings of. are reinforced by the bars 3 and for the same purpose.

After the extensions A1 have been formed and have been allowed to set, they are secured in position by means of back-fillingV in substantially the same manner as in the case of the lining sections A.

ille claim:

i. The process of lining` Water-courses which consists in constructing the lining in trough-shaped sections on mold-forms, detachably connecting said lining` sections to mold-forms whereby said mold-forms n provide means for lifting and. handdinp,- said lining` sections, depositing said lining' sections together with the mold-forms to which they are secured in the Water-course, back-filling` behind said lining,- sections when in position, det-achingl the lining` sections from the mold-forms, and removing said mld-forms.

2. rlhe process of lining Water-courses as speciiied in claim l, in which the lining sections are trued up with those previously set by depositing` said lining sections and the mold 'forms to which they are secured, respectively, With an end of the mold form to which a lining section which is being,` sot is secured, in engagement with the inner surface of the previously set adjacent lining; section.

8. The .process of lininrf bilder-(purses as specified in cl: im l, in which the act ot' securing` the lining sections to the mold forms constitutes a step in the construction of said lining,` sections.

4.. The process of lining vmter-courses which consists in detachably securing;` wires to mold-forins, applyingv lining material, in

aid mold-forms in manner herein, permitting said A e il to harden, deposi' ing said mold-foi together with thel sections secured thereon into the watercourse,l bach-ip line' behind. said lining sections,del-acllingv plastic form to s to embed said W plastic linine' n said Wires from said`inoldforms, aud removing said mold-forms.

The process of lining' Water-courses which consists in detachably securing' Wires to mold-forms, applying lining material in plastic form to said mold-forms in manner to embed said Wires therein with portions of said Wires projecting at the ends of said lining,v sections, permitting` the pl stic material forming said lining; sections to harden, depositingv said mold-forms together with the lining sections thereon into the watercourse in proximate, spaced relation With the projecting portions ot' the wires of adjacent lining sections extending into the spaces between them, closing said spaces with initially plastic material in manner to embed the jn'ojecting ends of said wires therein, backlilling behind said lining sections, detaching the wires from the mold-forms, and removing said mold-forms.

6. The process et' lining water-courses which consists in dctachably securing Wires to mold-forms, applying lining material in plastic form to said mold-forms in manner to embed said wires therein with portions of said Wires projecting at the ends of said lining sectiifins, permitting the plastic material forming said lining sections to harden, depositing said nmld-:torms together with the lining sections thereon into the Watercourse in proximate, spaced relation with the projecting portions of the Wires of adjacent lining sections extendin :into the spaces between them and overlapping, closing said spaces with initially plastic material in manner to embed the projecting, overlapping ends of the wires therein, back-filling behind said lining sections, detaching the Wires from the mold-forms, and removing the1 mold-forms` 7. The process of lining Water-courses Which consists in detachably securing Wiresv to mold-forms, applying lining material iny plastic form to said mold-forms in manner` to embed said Wires therein with portions of said Wires projecting at the ends ot said lining sections in the form of loops, permitting the plastic material forming said (Sil lining sections to harden, depositing said mold-forms together with the lining sections thereon into the Water-course in proximate, spaced relation with the projecting loop p0rtions of the wires of adjacentlining sections extendin,.,er into the spaces betweenthem.y closing said spaces with initially plastic material in manner to embed theprojecting portions of said Wires therein, back-filling behind said lining sections, detaching the Wires from the mold-forms, and removing said mold-forms.

8. The process of lining Water-courses which consists in detachably securing Wires to mold-forms, said Wires comprising wires which extend crosswise of said mold-forms, applying lining material in plastic form to said n'iold-'torms in manner to embed said wires therein With the ends thereof projecting. permitting said plastic material to harden, depositing said lining sections togcther AWith the mold-forms to which they are secured, respectively, in the water-course, back-filling behind said lining sections, detaehing said lining sections from said moldforms. and removing said mold-forms.

9. The process of lining Water-courses which consists in detachably securing Wires to mold-forms, said Wires comprising Wires which extend lengthwise and others which extend crosswise of said mold-forms, applying lining material in plastic form to said mold-forms in manner to embed the reinforcing wires in said material with the attached ends therefrom projecting, permitting said plastic material to harden, detaching trom said mold-forms Wires the attached portions of which projecting at the ends of said lining sections, depositing said lining sections together With the mold-forms to which they are secured. respectively, into the water-course in proximate, spaced relation with the ends ot the wires projecting at the ends et' said lining sections extending into the spaces between adjacent lining sections, back-filling behind said lining sections, wholly detaching said lining sections` from said mold-forms, removing said mold-forms and closing the spaces between said lining sections with plastic material in manner to embed the portions of the Wires projecting at the ends ot said lining sections therein.

l0. A lining for a Water-course, comprising separate trough-shaped sections set in said Water-course end to end in proximate, spaced relation and means for connecting said sections to form a continuous, unitary structure consisting of wires embedded therein which project into the spaces between adjacent lining sections and lining material which fills said spaces and in which the projecting ends' of said Wires are embedded, said lining also comprising copings at the 'lateral edges of the lining sections provided at their ends with recessed shouljfders, reinforcing bars embedded in said copings Which extend lengthwise thereof and project into the spaces defined by the said recessed shoulders, and lining material which tills said spaces in which the projecting ends ot the reinforcing bars bedded. Y

11. A lining for a Water course, comprising separate trough-shaped sections set in ysaid Water-course end to end in proximate, spaced relation and means for connecting said sections to form a continuous, unitary structure consisting of wires embedded therein which project into the spaces between adjacent lining sections and lining material which fills said spaces and in which the projecting ends of saidwires are embedded. said lining also comprising Wires embedded in the lining sections which project at the lateral edges thereof, and lat-eral extensions formed in situ in which the projecting ends of said Wires areembedded. 12. A lining for a Water-course, comprising separate trough-shaped sections set in said Water-course end to` end in proximate, spaced rela-tion and means for connecting said sections to forma continuous, unitary structure consisting of Wires embedded therein which vproject into the spaces btween adjacent lining sections and lining material Which fills said spaces and in which the projecting ends of said Wires are embedded, said lining also comprising copings at the lateral edges of the lining sections provided at their ends With recessed shoulders,v reinforcing bars embedded inl said copings Which extend lengthwise thereof and project into the spaces defined by said recessed shoulders and lining material which .tills said spaces in which the projecting ends of said reinforcing bars are embedded, wires embedded in said lining sections which project at the lateral edges thereon as initially formed, said lining also comprising lateral extensions ,formed in situ in Which the projecting ends of the wires embedded in thel lining sections and which project at the lateral edges thereof are embedded. and Which engage the copings of the lining sections with interlocking shoulders.

13. A lining for a water-course comprising separate trough-shaped sections set in said Water-course end to end in proximate, spaced relation and means for connecting said sections to form a continuous, unitary structure consisting of Wires embedded therein which project into the spaces between adjacent lining sections and lining material which lills said spaces and in which the projecting ends of said Wires are embedded, said lining also comprising Wires embedded in said lining sections Which project at the lateral edges thereof, said lining sections as initially -fabricated being provided with grooves in their lateral edges adapted to receive the bent-over projecting ends of said wires, said grooves being filled with a lean mixture oil-lining material in which the bent-over ends of said Wires are embedded.

.ln testimony that We claim the -foregoing as our invention, We have hereunto ai'iXed our signatures the 23d day of May, 1922, and the 29th day of May 1922, respectively.

HARRY H. FISHER. WALTER B. RITTENHOUSE. 

